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Underground Railroad

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Underground Railroad
resistance movement, road network
Facet ofslavery in the United States Sesa mu
Significant personLevi Coffin, Thomas Garrett, Harriet Tubman Sesa mu
Named afterrailway Sesa mu
CountryUnited States Sesa mu
Political ideologyabolitionism Sesa mu
Start time1800 Sesa mu
End time1863 Sesa mu
OperatorNational Park Service Sesa mu
Has characteristicconfidentiality Sesa mu

Nna Underground Railroad no yɛ sum ase akwan nye efie a ahobambɔ wɔ mu a wɔahyehyɛ a hɔn a wɔhwehwɛ fahodzi fa do guan kɔ United States Etsifi afa mu nye Canada Epuei afa mu a wɔpɛ dɛ wotu ase no.[1] Afrikafo nye Amerikafo a wɔyɛ wɔyɛ nkowaa guanee fii nkoawaasom mu wɔ afeha a ɔtɔ do 16, na hɔn a wofii nsa no nna wonnyi abambɔfo biara, naaso, efie a wɔakeka hɔnho abobɔmu a ahobamm bɔ wɔ mu a wɔtaa frɛ no Underground Railroad no hyɛɛ ase yɛɛ nhyehyɛɛ wɔ afe 1780 no mu wɔ Abolitionist Societies a ɔwɔ Etsifi afa mu no mu.[2][3][4] Ɔnam mu ara kɔ etsifi afa mu na ɔkɔr soro nkakrankakra kesii dɛ Ɔmampanyin Abraham Lincoln de ne nsa hyɛɛ Emancipation Proclamation ase wɔ afe 1863 mu. Hɔn a woguanee no hwehwɛe dɛ woboguan akɔ aman a wɔdze hɔn ho mu, na bi a wɔatoa do akɔ Canada. Nkitahodzi no, ne tsitsiriw nye Amerikafo a wɔyɛ ebibifo a wɔdze hɔn ho na hɔn a wɔyɛ nkowaa edwuma no, hɔn a wɔboae nye hɔn a wɔpɛ dɛ wotu nkowaasom ase nye afofor a wɔwɔ tsema a wɔboae ma nkowaa no fiir edzi. Nyimpa a wɔdze hɔn yɛɛ nkowaa a wɔdze hɔn ho too esian mu dɛ wɔbɛkyer hɔn nye hɔn a wɔboaa hɔn no so, wɔbɔ mu frɛ hɔn akwantufo nye hɔn a wɔhwɛ Keteke kwan no do. Akwan afofor ahorow na ɔkɔ Mexico, beebi mbrɛ wɔabra nkowaasom ase no, nye supruw a ɔwɔ Caribbean a nna ɔnnka nkowaatɔn no ho.[5][6] Nkan no nna kwan bi wɔ hɔ a ɔyɛ guan kwan a ɔkɔ anaafo do kɔ ​​Florida, a dɛm ber no nna ɔyɛ Spainfo dze (gyedɛ 1763–1783), nna ɔwɔ hɔ fi afeha a ɔtɔ do 17 n'ewiei dze kesii bɛyɛ 1790 mu. Ber a Amerika akokoeko no rokɔdo no mu no, hɔn a wɔhwehwɛ fahodzi no guanee kɔr Union ahye do wɔ Anaafo afa mu dɛ mbrɛ ɔbɛyɛ a wobenya hɔn fahodzi.[7] Nkontaabu kor kyerɛ dɛ obodu afe 1850 no, nna nkowaa bɛyɛ 100,000 afa nkitahodzi nhyehyɛɛ no do eguan akɔ fahodzi mu. Nkan Pan-African adzesua mu okunyin J. Blaine Hudson a nna ɔyɛ Edwindze na Nyansahu Skuul a ɔwɔ Louisville Skuulpɔn mu no panyin kyerɛ dɛ, akokoeko no rokɔ ewiei no,[8] Amerikafo a wɔyɛ ebibifo 500,000 anaa dza ɔbor dɛm gyee hɔn ho fii nkowaasom mu wɔ Underground Railroad no do.[9][10][11]


Dzin no n'abɔse

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

Eric Foner kyerɛwee dɛ "bi a wodzii kan dze dzii dwuma wɔ Washington atsesɛm krataa bi wɔ 1839 mu, na ɔfaa akowaa ketsewa bi a ɔwɔ enyidado dɛ oboguan efi nkowaasom afa keteke kwan bi a 'ɔkɔr asaase ase kodur Boston".[12][13] Ɔbenfo Robert Clemens Smedley kyerɛwee dɛ hɔn a wɔkyer nkowaa hwehwɛ a woenntum ahwehwɛ mu na wɔhweer kwan a eguanfo faa do wɔ etsifi afa mu dze kesi Columbia, Pennsylvania ekyir no ho, wɔdze ahodwuruw pae mu kaa dɛ “ɔbɛyɛ dɛ keteke kwan bi wɔ asaase ase hɔ beebi,” na ɔdze kasafua bi maa dzin no.[14] Scott Shane kyerɛwee dɛ asɛm a odzi kan a wɔakyerɛw ho asɛm dɛ wɔdze kasafua no dzii dwuma wɔ asɛm bi a Thomas Smallwood kyerɛwee wɔ August 10, 1842, Tocsin of Liberty, atsesɛm krataa bi a wɔpɛ dɛ wɔdze tu nkowaasom ase a wotsintsimii wɔ Albany no mu. Ɔkyerɛwee so dɛ 1879 nwoma Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad kaa dɛ wɔbɔɔ asɛmfua yi ne dzin wɔ afe1839 wɔ Washington atsesɛm krataa mu, na nwoma no ne kyerɛwfo kaa no wɔ mfe 40 ekyri dɛ ɔfaa asɛm no kae fii ne tsirmu dɛ mbrɛ obotum biara.[15][16]


Nkasafua a wɔdze dzi dwuma

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

Nna hɔn a wɔka Underground Railroad no ho no taa dze nkasafua pɔtsee bi dzi dwuma, na ogyina keteke kwan no no su do. Mfatoho:

  • Nyimpa a wɔboaa nkowaa a woeguan ma wohun keteke kwan no yɛ "ngyinamufo".
  • Nna wɔfrɛ abambɔfo no dɛ "akwantufo".[17]


  • Nna mbea a wɔdze hɔnho sie wɔ no yɛ "gyinabea" anaa "kwan gyinabea".
  • "Hɛngyinabea mpanyimfo" dze nkowaa a woruguan no siee hɔn efie mu.
  • Wɔfrɛ nyimpa a woguan nkowaasom dɛ "akwantufo" anaa "ndzɛmba"
  • Nkowaa a woeguan no benya "teketse".
  • Tse dɛ mbrɛ wɔtaa ka asɛmpa no, nna "ntwahonan no bɔkɔdo adan".
  • Nna wɔfrɛ hɔn a wonya Keteke kwan no mu sika no dɛ "nkorɔfo a wɔwɔ kyɛfa wɔ mu"
  • Bɔhyɛ Asaase – kasafua a wɔdze gyina hɔ ma Canada.[18]
  • Esubɔntsen Jordan – kasafua a wɔdze gyina hɔ ma Ohio Esubɔntsen no.
  • Hɛɛben – dza wɔdze egyina hɔ a ɔkyerɛ fahodzi anaa Canada

Nna wonyim Big Dipper (a no "kwan" kyerɛ North Star) no dɛ kɔɔpow a wɔdze nom nsu. Na wɔtaa frɛ Keteke kwan no dɛ "fahodzi keteke" anaa "Asɛmpa keteke", a ɔdze n'enyi kyerɛ "Hɛɛben" anaa "Bɔhyɛ Asaase",a ɔwɔ Canada.[19]


Amambu mu nsɛm

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David Ruggles between two men confronting John P. Darg

Nkowaa a woeguan a "wɔtraa" Underground Railroad no, hɔn mu pii buu Canada dɛ hɔn tsenabea a otwa tun. Wobu akontaa dɛ hɔn mu bɛyɛ 30,000 kesi 40,000 kɛtsenaa Canada, na hɔn mu fa na wɔbae wɔ afe 1850 na 1860 ntamu. Hɔn a wɔaka no tsenaa nkurow a wɔdze hɔn ho to do mu wɔ Etsifi afa mu. Wɔkyerɛɛw asɛndzibea nsɛm mpempem pii a ɔfa nkowaa a woeguan ho wɔ Ɔman Nsesae Ko no nye Ɔmanko no ntamu. Ahyɛse nkowaa a Woeguan Mbra a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 1793 mu no ase no, nna wɔhwehwɛ dɛ mpanyimfo a wofi aman a wɔdze hɔn ho mu boa nkowaa wuranom anaa hɔn ananmusifo a wɔsan kyer hɔn a woeguan no, naaso aman no mbrahyɛbagua ahorow bi braa ano. Mbra no maa ɔyɛɛ mberɛw maa nkowaa no wuranom nye hɔn a wɔkyer nkowaa dɛ wɔbɛkyer Amerikafo a wɔyɛ ebibifo na wɔasan dze hɔn akɔ nkowaasom mu, na wɔ nsɛm bi mu no, ɔmaa hɔn kwan ma wɔdze ebibifo a wɔdze hɔn ho no yɛɛ nkowaa. Ɔsan so maa hɔn a wɔpɛ dɛ wotu nkowaasom ase no ho peer hɔn dɛ wɔbɔboa nyimpa a wɔdze hɔn ayɛ nkowaa, na ɔdze aman a wɔsoɛr tsia nkowaasom na Underground Railroad no nyaa nkɔdo. Ɔnam Anaafo afamu amanyɛfo hɔn mfeefeemu do ntsi, Mbrahyɛbagua no gyee 1850 Apam no too mu wɔ Mexico na Amerika Ko no ekyir. Na nkowaa a Woguaan Mbra no; ɔtse dɛ mbrɛ apam no dzii mantamu mu haw ahorow ho dwuma dze nam aman a wɔdze hɔn ho no mpanyimfo a wɔhyɛɛ hɔn ma wɔboaa nkowaa a wɔkyeer hɔn no do, na ɔmaa hɔn fahodzi dɛ wɔnyɛ edwuma wɔ aman a wɔdze hɔn ho mu. Osiandɛ nna mbra no hwehwɛ dɛ wɔkyerɛw nkrataa kuma bi na ama wɔaaka dɛ obi yɛ oguanfo ntsi, hɔn a wɔkyer nkowaa so kyeer ebibifo a wɔdze hɔn ho, ne tsitsiriw mbofra, na wɔtɔn hɔn kɔr nkowaasom mu.

Anaafo afa mu amanyɛfo taa haahaa hɔn enyi ka nkowaa dodow a woguan ho nsɛm na wɔtaa dze dɛm guankɔbea ahorow yi ho asodzi to Etsifi afamfo a wɔdze hɔn ho hyɛ Etsifo afamfo egyapadze hokwan ahorow mu no do. Mbra no maa nyimpa a wosusuw dɛ wɔyɛ nkowaa no nyaa akwanya a wɔdze yi hɔn ho ano wɔ asɛndzibea, na ɔmaa ɔyɛɛ dzen dɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ dɛ wɔwɔ fahodzi. Etsifi afa mu aman bi hyehyɛɛ ankorankor fahodzi ho mbra a ɔmaa ɔyɛɛ mbra do bu dɛ ɔman mpanyimfo bɛkyer nkan nkowaa anaadɛ wɔdze hɔn bɔto efiadze. Adwen no nye dɛ Etsifi afa mu aman buu hɔn enyi guu nkowaa a woguan ho mbra ne nhyehyɛɛ ahorow do na ɔyɛ ntseasee tsitsiriw a wɔdze mae dɛ wɔbɛtsew hɔn ho.

Akwan nye kwan a wɔfa do guan

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

Underground Railroad n'akwan no kɔr etsifi afa mu kɔr ​​aman a wɔdze hɔn ho nye Canada, ɔkɔr Caribbean, United States Atɔe afa mu n'ahye do, nye India ahye mu. Nkowaa no binom a woguanee no tuu kwan kɔr Anaafo afa mu kɔr Mexico kɔhwehwɛɛ hɔn fahodzi. Nyimpa pii faa po do guanee, a Ona Judge a nna Ɔmampanyin George Washington akyer no ayɛ no akowaa so ka ho.bi. Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo binom hu nsu kwan a ɔwɔ Etsifi afa mu no dɛ adze tsitsiriw a ɔwɔ dɛ hɔn a wɔhwehwɛ fahodzi fa do guan osiandɛ nna bea a nsu no fi ba no yɛ akwan no mu binom a wɔfa do kɔ fahodzi mu. Bio, hɔn a wɔwɔ Underground Railroad no ho abakɔsɛm no hun dawurbɔ a ɔfa nkowaa a woeguan bɛyɛ 200,000 ho wɔ Amerika Etsifi afa mu hɔn dawurbɔ nkrataa mu fitsi 1700 afe no mfinimfin kesii ber a Amerika Ɔmanko no kɔr n'ewiei.

Hɔn a nna wɔrohwehwɛ fahodzidi wɔ Alabama no dze hɔn ho siee ahɛmba a ɔrokɔ Mobile no mu, Alabama mu na nna wɔwɔ enyidado dɛ wɔdze hɔnho bɛfrafra kurow no mu Ebibifo a wɔdze hɔn ho no mu, na wɔdze hɔn ho sumaa ahɛmba afofor a ofi Alabama na wɔdze hɔn enyi akyerɛ etsifi afa mu ekyikyiikyir kɔ nsaase nye aman a wɔdze hɔn ho mu so mu. Afe 1852 mu no, Alabama mbarahyɛbagua no yɛɛ mbra bi dze tseew nyimpa dodow a wɔrohwehwɛ fahodzi na wɔnam ahɛma do guan no do. Mbra no twee nkowaa wuranom nye po do ahyɛn mu mpanyimfo aso dɛ wɔma nyimpa a wɔyɛ nkowaa kwan ma wɔtsena hyɛn no mu a wonnyi tum krataa. Alabama fahodzi hwehwɛfo so yɛɛ akor a wɔdze boguan. Hɔn a wɔhwehwɛ fahodzi no guanee fii hɔn nkowaa wuranom nsamu na wɔfaa Panama kwan no. Nkowaa wuranom no so faa Panama kwan no dze kesii California. Ekɔ Panama a, nkoasom nnyi hɔn mbra mu na Panamafo Ebibifo hyɛɛ nyimpa a wɔdze hɔn ayɛ nkowaa a wofi United States no nkuran dɛ wonguan nkɔ Panama kurow a ɔwɔ mpɔtamu hɔ no mu.

Hɔn a wɔrohwehwɛ fahodzi no yɛɛ akwan ahorow a wɔbɛfa do atow nkowaa a wɔkyeer hɔn no bɔgya mu nkraman no efi hɔn hua ekyir. Ɔkwan kor nye dɛ wɔdze emo a ɔyɛ hyew, seradze, na vinegar a wɔaka abɔmu bedzi dwuma wɔ hɔn mpaboa do. Carolina Etsifi do no, hɔn a wɔrohwehwɛ fahodzi dze turpentine guu hɔn mpaboa do dɛ mbrɛ ɔbɛyɛ a nkowaa a wɔkyer nkowaa no hɔn nkraman no nnkotum edzi hɔnho huam ekyir, wɔ Texas no, hɔn a woguanee no dze edur a wɔdze nantwinyin a wɔahyew na wɔdze yɛe. Afofor so guanee kɔr atɛkyɛ mu dɛ wɔrokɔhohor hɔnho hua egu. Nna guankɔbea dodow noara si wɔ anadwe ber a nna hɔn a woruguan no botum dze hɔnho esuma sum ase.

Ɔkwan fofor a hɔn a wɔrohwehwɛ fahodzi no faa do siiw hɔn a wɔkyer hɔn no ano nye dɛ wɔdze nkrataa a onndzi mu bɛfa ho eguan.. Nkowaasom mu no, Ebibifo a wɔdze hɔnho no dze nkrataa a odzi adanse dɛ wɔnnyɛ nkowaa no kyerɛe. Ebibifo a wɔdze hɔnho na nyimpa a wɔdze hɔn ayɛ nkowaa no yɛɛ krataa a onndzi mu a wɔdze tu kwan maa hɔn a wɔrohwehwɛ fahodzi ber a wɔnam aman a nkowaa wɔ do no mu rokɔ no.

Etsifi afa mu kesi aman a wɔdze hɔn ho mu na Canada

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

Nhyehyɛɛ

[sesa mu | sesa ekyirsɛm]

Ɔmmfa ho dɛ nna wɔdze ɔkwan a wɔfa do ne dzin too do no, nna ɔkwan a wɔfa do guan no nnyɛ asaase ase ankasa anaadɛ keteke kwan. (Asasae ase keteke kwan ankasa a odzi kan no ammba kesii 1863.) John Rankin kyerɛ dɛ, "Wɔfrɛɛ no ​​dɛm osiandɛ hɔn a wɔfaa kwan no do no yewee tse dɛ ma wɔakɛhyɛ famu no. Ber a nkowaa a woeguan no hɛɛn adzekoradan bi mu wɔ dɛm kwan no do ekyir no, woennhu hɔn anamɔn bio." Wɔdze hɔn fii adzekoradan kor mu kɔr fofor mu kesii dɛ wodur beebi a wobotum akɔ do enya fahodzi." Nna wonyim dɛ ɔyɛ keteke kwan, a wɔdze keteke nkasafua bi tse dɛ keteke gyinabea na akwankyerɛfo, osiandɛ ɔno nye akwantu nhyehyɛɛ a nna wɔdze dzi dwuma dɛm ber no.





Mboaedze

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  1. ↑ Hudson 2015, pp. 1, 6, 10.
  2. ↑ Special Resource Study, Management Concepts Underground Railroad. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Denver Service Center. 1995. p. 19.
  3. ↑ "What is the Underground Railroad?". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2025-02-08. Retrieved 9 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. ↑ "New Jersey's Underground Railroad Heritage". New Jersey Historical Commission. New Jersey State Library. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  5. ↑ "Historic Context for the Underground Railroad". Researching and Interpreting the Underground Railroad. The National Park Service. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  6. ↑ "The Underground Railroad c. 1780–1862". Africans in America. PBS. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  7. ↑ "The Underground Railroad". Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2007.
  8. ↑ Leanos, Reynaldo Jr. (2017). "This underground railroad took slaves to freedom in Mexico, PRI's The World, Public Radio International, March 29, 2017". Minneapolis, MN: Public Radio International. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
  9. ↑ Leesa Jones Interview Transcript, 2020-01-07 [SHE.OH.017]. 2020.
  10. ↑ Smith, Bruce (March 18, 2012). "For a century, Underground Railroad ran south". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2012.
  11. ↑ McIver, Stuart (February 14, 1993). "Fort Moses's Call To Freedom. Florida's Little-known Underground Railroad Was the Escape Route Taken by Slaves Who Fled to the State in the 1700s and Established America's First Black Town". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on February 13, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  12. ↑ Foner 2015, pp. 6–9.
  13. ↑ Pettit, Eber M. (1999) [1879]. Sketches in the History of the Underground Railroad. Westfield, NY: Chautauqua Region Press. ISBN 0-9658955-3-X., p. 131
  14. ↑ Smedley, Robert C. (1883). History of the Underground Railroad in Chester and the neighboring counties of Pennsylvania. Mechanicsburg, Pa: Stackpole Books. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-8117-3189-8.
  15. ↑ Shane, Scott (September 11, 2023). "How the Underground Railroad Got Its Name". The New York Times. Retrieved September 11, 2023.
  16. ↑ Shane, Scott, Flee North A Forgotten Hero and the Fight for Freedom in Slavery's Borderland (Macmillan, London, 2023), pp. 117–118.
  17. ↑ Blight, David, 2004, p. 98
  18. ↑ Wade, Phyllis. "Signal Songs of the Underground Railroad" (PDF). Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  19. ↑ "History – National Underground Railroad Freedom Center". Freedomcenter.org. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
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